Bee diversity may be an important factor in the provision of ecosystem services that has been found to be influenced by a range of factors (Nicholson et al. 2017).
According to Goulson et al. (2015) bees can be affected by a wide range of pressures.
Urbanization is known to alter local species assemblages (Braschler et al. 2020).
Braschler, Brigitte, José D. Gilgado, Valerie Zwahlen, Hans Peter Rusterholz, Sascha Buchholz, and Bruno Baur. 2020. “Ground-dwelling invertebrate diversity in domestic gardens along a rural-urban gradient: Landscape characteristics are more important than garden characteristics.” PLoS ONE 15 (10 October): 1–25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240061.
Goulson, Dave, Elizabeth Nicholls, Cristina Botías, and Ellen L. Rotheray. 2015. “Bee declines driven by combined Stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers.” Science 347 (6229). doi:10.1126/science.1255957.
Nicholson, Charlie C., Insu Koh, Leif L. Richardson, Anna Beauchemin, and Taylor H. Ricketts. 2017. “Farm and landscape factors interact to affect the supply of pollination services.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 250 (June). Elsevier: 113–22. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.030.